Ecological Tax Reform: Many Know Why But Few Know How

Ecological tax reform involves the utilisation of the tax system to facilitate sustainable development. The generally accepted approach to ecological tax reform is to reduce tax rates on income and labour and to impose Pigouvian taxes on resource use and pollution emissions. While this approach is a vast improvement on current tax systems, it is an inadequate means of achieving sustainable development because it relies exclusively on the manipulation of market prices – an allocation instrument – when ecological sustainability is a throughput problem that requires a separate policy instrument to be adequately resolved. With the aid of a linear throughput representation of the economic process, it is argued that conventional ecological tax reform measures promote just two of the five behavioural modes put forward to achieve sustainable development. In order to promote all five behavioural modes, it is argued that ecological tax reform is best conducted with the incorporation of tradeable resource use permits and assurance bonds.     

工业含氨污染处理技术的经济价值分析

揭示了氨污染处理的成本效益，提出氨作为废物与资源的临界点浓度与氨的经济价值模型，并探讨了不同形态及介质中氨污染处理技术的成本差异.结果表明，在废水中氨氮浓度接近于10%时，通过资源化利用基本能够达到净现值为0，即收支平衡.相同进水浓度时，氨氮在碱性条件下单位处理成本最低，为0.19~0.41元/kg NH₃，在离子态、重金属及有机物络合形态下，会分别增加2、8及13倍左右的单位处理成本.在气态介质中，氨的处理成本约为-0.5~6元/kg NH₃，但实际工艺中加热浓缩等过程会进一步增加成本.含氨污染在实际工艺中多为气态、液态以及与其他杂质共存状态，存在污染的跨介质转移风险.今后应进行全过程统筹，实现含氨污染处理经济成本最小化的同时，降低环境风险.     

高速公路断面运行车速分布特征研究

在探讨车速分布指标与交通安全关系的基础上,对影响高速公路安全性设计与评价的运行车速指标分布特征进行深入研究。以高速公路大量实测运行车速数据为分析对象,通过研究断面运行车速频率分布特征,利用PP概率分布图和单样本K-S检验方法,对车速数据进行正态,Weibull(威尔布),Gamma(伽玛)及Logistic等4种分布形式的拟合检验。基于统计学原理,提出求解运行车速特征指标的方法。结果表明:高速公路断面运行车速服从正态分布;采用概率分布累积函数可有效解决运行车速基础理论中原始观测车速数据的指标准确量化问题。     

DESALTING SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION A CASE STUDY,COACHELLA AREA,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT .A case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes. The investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm. Benefits from desalting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for drainage, and reduction in fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality water. Costs are based on the project features such as desalting plants, raw water diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems, brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic studies determined the crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, desalted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing desalted water using a combination of 14 schemes. The study also included a review of irrigation practices. The benefit-cost ratios range from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1,500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900. Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.     

APPLICATION OF A LOW-FLOW ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The application of a low-flow assessment model is illustrated for the Monogahela River Basin. The model simulates the impact of reservoir operating rules and consumptive use limitation policies on low-flow frequency at downstream locations in the basin. Policies are evaluated using an observed flow sequence and synthetic flow inputs. The paper reviews the historical development of flow management on the Monogahela to provide background for the current study.     

A STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING BASED APPROACH TO THE OPERATION OF A MULTI-RESERVOIR SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: An heuristic iterative technique based upon stochastic dynamic programming is presented for the analysis of the operation of a three reservoir ‘Y’ shaped hydroelectric system. The technique is initiated using historical inflow data for the downstream reservoir. At each iteration the optimal policies for the downstream hydroelectric generating unit are used to provide relative weightings or targets for operation of upstream reservoirs. New input inflows to the downstream reservoir are then obtained by running the historical streamflow record through the optimal policies for the upstream reservoirs. These flows are then used to develop a new operating policy for the downstream reservoir and hence new targets for the upstream reservoirs. The process is continued until the operating policies for each reservoir provide the same overall system benefit for two successive iterations. Results obtained from the procedure are compared to the results obtained by historical operation of the system. The procedure is shown to develop operating policies which give benefits which are as close to the historical benefits as can be expected given the choice of the number of storage state variables.     

THE STRUCTURE AND PRACTICE OF WATER QUALITY TRADING MARKETS1

ABSTRACT: The use of transferable discharge permits in water pollution, what we will call water quality trading (WQT), is rapidly growing in the U.S. This paper reviews the current status of WQT nationally and discusses the structures of the markets that have been formed. Four main structures are observed in such markets: exchanges, bilateral negotiations, clearinghouses, and sole source offsets. The goals of a WQT program are environmental quality and cost effectiveness. In designing a WQT market, policy makers are constrained by legal restrictions and the physical characteristics of the pollution problem. The choices that must be made include how trading will be authorized, monitored and enforced. How these questions are answered will help determine both the extent to which these goals are achieved, and the market structures that can arise. After discussing the characteristics of different market structures, we evaluate how this framework applies in the case of California's Grassland Drainage Area Tradable Loads Program.     

排污权交易及其应用探讨

排污权交易在环境管理领域里正受到越来越多的关注。文章回顾了排污权交易在国内外的发展历程，利用经济学原理，对排行权交易理论和市场优化机制进行了阐述，综合介绍了实施排污权交易的步骤与必要性等问题，同时结合我国的具体国情和污染特征，对在我国组建排污权交易市场实施排污权交易进行了可行性分析，并基于目前排污权交易在我国应用和研究的现状，提出了在今后工作中应注意的几个问题。     

重症胰腺炎手术治疗的护理

本文对我院2001年以来收治的54例重症胰腺炎患者手术治疗的护理进行总结，以求对重症胰腺炎患者手术治疗中的护理工作提供参考．     

吹脱法处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

通过对盘锦某催化剂厂在生产催化剂过程中产生的高浓度氨氮废水静态吹脱试验，总结出水温、pH、水力停留时间、气水比、1号脱氮剂用量等相关参数对吹脱效率的影响。